Thursday, May 30, 2024
In praise of bricolage
Tuesday, May 28, 2024
Dogs, doppelgangers and dream assignments
I dreamed that a writer or publisher named Grenier was important to me. An internet search brought me, very quickly, to Roger Grenier, a celebrated editor at Gallimard who also wrote many books. Two days later (there is no cure for a bibliophile, at least none I wish to consider) a copy of his book Les larmes d'Ulysse arrived at my door, It is a treasury of short-form reflections on literature and the treatment of dogs in literature.
I enjoyed being reminded that Baudelaire said there is paradise for dogs; he was correct. I was moved by Grenier's memories of his walks with his pointer, Ulysses - and then stirred by a moment when Grenier saw a man who appeared to be his doppelganger across the street, and his dog saw and sniffed the same thing.
"Walking along the rue Saint-Dominique, I saw a man on the opposite sidewalk who looked a lot like me, my double. Ulysses noticed him. He too was struck by the resemblance. For a second he pulled at his leash. Then he remembered he was with me. He looked at the double, he looked at me. He was totally bewildered, just as we would be, in the grip of what Freud called 'the uncanny'."
Monday, May 27, 2024
Where Did the White Doe Come From?
from Notes for a History of Dream Creation
"Where did the white doe come from?" It's the question with which Jorge Luis Borges opens his poem "La Cierva Blanca" ("The White Doe"). He explained elsewhere that the poem came to him. fully formed, in a dream.
“I don’t feel
that I wrote that poem...The poem was given to me, in a dream, some minutes
before dawn. At times dreams are painful and tedious, and I object to their
outrage and say, enough, this is only a dream, stop. But this time it was an
oral picture that I saw and heard. I simply copied it, exactly as it was given
to me.” [Willis Barnstone, With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos
Aires (Champaign IL: University of Illinois Pres, 1992) 30]
from La Cierva Blanca by Jorge Luis Borges
tal vez en un recodo del porvenir profundo
te encontraré de nuevo, cierva blanca de un sueño.
Yo también soy un sueño fugitivo que dura
unos días más que el sueño del prado y la blancura.
Perhaps in a corner of the far future
I will meet you again, white doe of my dream.
I, too, am a dream that will not last much longer
than the dream of whiteness in the meadow.
(my free translation)
Saturday, May 25, 2024
When the Emperor Sends You a Letter about Dreams
Manuel II Palaiologos was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. Perilous times. He hunted, campaigned and clashed with the paranoid Ottoman Sultan Bayazid, called The Thunderbolt, and was held ceremonial hostage by him. His capital, Constantinople, was besieged and blockaded by the Ottomans several times. Provinces were lost and won back and lost again; family members plotted to assassinate him or drive him into exile. He made a long journey west, to the crowned heads of Europe, all the way to France and England, seeking support against the Turks. He was received with great pomp at the court of Henry IV. He stood at the crossroads of a trembling world. His fourth son, the last Byzantine emperor, died on the city walls when Constantinople finaly fell to the Turks.
A scholar by nature, who said that he loved to write, Manuel made time in the midst of war and
intrigue to write discourses on many things, including marriage.The most intriguing of his productions may be
the dream book that bears his name. Scholars dispute the authorship, some asserting
that a highly literate emperor would not stoop to contribute to the lowly and
"superstitious" genre of the dream dictionary.
Yet the few pages of
this Byzantine dream book that survive suggest that the author was intimately familiar
with life at the imperial palace, and the approach to dream meanings is
reasoned and nuanced. Dream books of this era - tracing their descent from the
Greek interpreter Artemidorus of Daldis, or from Persian, Indian and Arabic
traditions, or all the above - were popular in elite circles as well as among
the largely illiterate populace who would gather round a reader to hear a story
or interpretation. The two surviving texts of the dream book have been assessed to be from the late fourteenth century, contemporary with the reign of Manuel II. Incidents are described involving high imperial officials. And we have an epistolary essay that was certainly written by Manuel that confirms his deep interest in dreaming and what it reveals about soul.
The Oneirokritikon kata Manouel Palaiologon, or Dream Book of Manuel Palaiologos, is not organized as a dream dictionary, with an alphabetical list of dream symbols, tagged with supposed meanings. It is arranged thematically,and it gives a rationale for interpretations. [1] The author had a taste for puns. and an ear for homophony. If you dream of mosaics, he says, you may hope for a fair adjudication, because the Greek word for "mosaic pebble" (psephos) also means "judgement". The Greek word for “cheese” τυρί [tyri] sounds like a word for “disorder” or “turmoil” τύρβη [tyrbi] so when things get "cheesy" you might prepare for more trouble than English slang would suggest.[2]
The dream book describes the precognitive dream of a high official who saw the
unexpected death of his son-in-law [3]. In the thirteen pages of
printed text we have from the manuscript, seven dreams that proved truthful are
reported. The commentary insists on factual reporting of possibly portentous
dreams.
Dream symbols are discussed elsewhere in ways that recall Artemidorus. Thus: wells, cisterns and vessels that hold water relate to women. There is the distinction that Artemidorus made between insignificant incidents in sleep (enypnia) and meaningful dreams (oneirata).
Let's turn to Manuel's letter on dreams.[4] It is not a letter as we think of them today. In her recent biography of Manuel II as "author-emperor", Siren Çelik observes that Byzantine authors crafted letters as "beautifully ornate, polished compositions filled with literary features....Instead of offering concrete information, a letter aimed at providing literary delight to the recipient; sophisticated language, metaphors, allusions and quotations were highly desired and appreciated features in this context...Letters were meant to be circulated among a literary circle, and sometimes performed aloud in literary gatherings called theatra."[5]
The emperor's epistle on dreams fits this mode. He is writing to one Andreas Asan, a provincial governor who may be his cousin. He takes his theme from a question Andreas has previously asked: Is it true that all dreams are prophetic, but become false or deceptive through the weakness of our interpretation? This sounds as if the questioner has read Synesius of Cyrene, who wrote that if dreams are read correctly then they all come through the Gate of Horn.
Manuel introduces a brief personal note by mentioning that he is writing (or more likely dictating) his missive in the spring, but a cold snap has caused him to draw close to the fire. This puts the reader inside the scene and also takes up at once - craftily and indircetly - the theme of veracity. It was commonly taught in the old Greek dream books that spring is the best time to look for veridical dreams because life is surging forth from the earth. [6]
On the question of whether all dreams are prophetic, Manuel delivers a short philosophical homily, citing Hellenic and Christian authorities.
He assigns dreams to three categories. There are dreams that are generated by the dreamer's “disposition”, daily habits, and the balance of the four humors. This first category includes the dreams you bring on yourself by eating too much or too fast. No prophecy here, though a doctor might find something to work with.
Next, there are dreams that are experiences of the soul. During sleep the
soul “comes closer to its divine origins”, though it is still under the
negative influence of the body. The emperor appears to acknowledge that the soul travels beyond the body in dreams. It may still fall into states of illusion, and the heavy influence of the body causes it to come back from its excursions blurry and confused.
Third, there are dreams that are true prophecies because they come
from God. They are sent to the “pious and pure” who may also have waking
visions. A prophetic dream is not only for the receiver but for the people.
The emperor says that care must be taken to discern whether a prophetic dream is for real or a deception of the devil. Some dreams and omens, as well as some forms of divination, are used by the evil spirit in order to deceive. Thankfully, oneirokritike, dream interpretation, is not mentioned as a possible vehicle for the wiles of the Dark One. Back in the ninth century, the emperor Leo the Wise decided to give dreamwork a clean bill of health. Dream interpretation was formally removed from Byzantine lists of evil practices in the compilation of laws known as the Basilika, issued in 892.
The emperor writes that the devil does not have the gift of prescience: he can only speculate by calculations that either come true or not. The devil not only deceives; he may be deceived. [7] Whew.
His writing indicates he knew something of Neoplatonist philosophy and theurgy, as well as Orthodox mysticism and patristic literature. He recognizes that dreams may be experiences of the divine and imperishable soul, and that (contrary to Aquinas ) the soul may have greater access to divine wisdom than the angels.[9] However, because of its long bondage to the body, the soul is heavy and distracted, drawn down towards darkness and its light dims. So the flight of the soul in dreams may follow the shifting border between truth and illusion, and the memories it brings the dreamer on its return will require interpretation.
Did the emperor set himself up, as author, to play dream interpreter in the manner of Artemidorus or the anonymous author of the popular Oneirocriticon of Achmet? Byzantinist George Calofonos says, " I believe that still one cannot give a definite answer, although his letter and the dreambook show some similarities. Both texts are systematic, lengthy, and quite original. If Manuel was not the author it could be someone from his immediate circle."[10]
If we return to that dream book, we find one prognostication the emperor surely knew to be true: If you dream you become emperor, you will "face humility, dishonour, persecution, and accusations at the hands of many people" [11]
Notes
1. The Greek text of the Manuel Palaiologos Dream Book (Oneirokritikon kata Manouel Palaiologon) is in Armand Dellate (ed.) Anecdota Atheniensia 1 (Paris: Vaillant-Carmanne 1927), 511-24. Translation in Steven M. Oberhelman, Dreambooks in Byzantium: Six Oneirocritica in Translation, with Commentary and Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2008)
2. Maria Mavroudi, "Byzantine and Islamic Dream Interpretation: A Comparative Approach to the Problem of ‘Reality’ vs ‘Literary Tradition’” in Christne Angelidi and Gerge T. Calofonos (eds), Dreaming in Byzantium and Beyond (New York: Routledge, 2014) 169
3. ibid 166
4. The Greek text of Manuel's epistle On Dreams (περί ονειράτον) is in Jean François Boissonade, Anecdota Nova (Paris: Apud Dumont 1844) 239-246. For an extended paraphrase and discussion, see George T. Calofonos, ‘Manuel II Palaiologos: Interpreter of Dreams?’ in Anthony Bryer, Manzikert to Lepanto: The Byzantine World and the Turks (1071–1517) Papers Given at the Nineteenth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, March 1985. Byzantinische Forschungen 16 (1991) 447–55
5. Siren Çelik, Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425): A Byzantine Emperor in a Time of Tumult (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021) 6-7
6. Mavroudi, Maria V., A Byzantine Book on
Dream Interpretation: The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and Its Arabic
Sources (Leiden: Brill, 2002) 133-35
7. Based on text in Calofonos, op.cit.,450
8. Mavroudi, "Byzantine and Islamic Dream Interpretation" 173
9. Manuel insists on the equality of the human soul with angels, contradicting Aquinas' statement in Summa Theologica 2:2, 172.2, on how the gift of prophecy comes to angels. “The angels hold a middle position between God and men, in that they have a greater share in the perfection of divine goodness than men have. Wherfore the divine enlightenments and revelations are carried to men by the angels.”
10. Calofonos op.cit., 454
11. ibid 454-5
Art: Manuel II Palaiologos depicted as a gift-bearing member of the Magi (Melchior) in Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. On his visit to France, Manuel feasted and exchanged gifts with the Duc du Berry, the uncle of the mad French King Charles VI
Friday, May 17, 2024
Such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make
Once out of nature I shall never take My bodily form from any natural thing But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make Of hammered gold and gold enameling To keep a drowsy emperor awake Or set upon a golden bough to sing To lords and ladies of Byzantium Of what is past, or passing, or to come.
Wednesday, May 15, 2024
A Seat at the Fox's Bar
I land at Washington's Dulles airport late, on a little prop plane that is not the one I was scheduled to take, after one of the bumpiest rides I have ever experienced outside a war zone.
I have time before my connecting flight to São Paulo, and I am starving. The only halfway decent place for a sit-down lunch on my concourse is a pub called The Fox and Firkin. It is jam-packed. But wait: a woman is getting up from the bar. A young man helps her to disentangle her luggage. I thank her for providing me with a seat at the right moment. "You'll enjoy this young man," she tells me.
The young man at the bar is behaving oddly, hopping back and forth between the now vacant seat and the one he was sitting on. He finally decides I may have his previous seat. Clearly there is going to be some kind of engagement here. His baby-blue eyes float up out of a pale and desperate face. "I know you are an elder."
He asks me to guess his age. I do. Now he is almost beseeching. "What can you tell me about life?"
"Never leave home without your sense of humor."
"I know. But I get so intense, so aggressive. Like, if someone bumps the back of my seat -" he bumps the back of my seat to make his point ["-I want to get up and get in that guy's face."
"I'll tell you something else I have learned about life," I remark after he hits the back of my seat a second time. "We always have the freedom to choose our attitude."
He stops banging my seat. "Oh my God, you're right. It's amazing you just sit down next to me and say that."
He pushes his face close to mine as if he needs to be petted. I am trying to think who he reminds me of. Got it. He resembles Smeagol, the Gollem in Lord of the Rings. The absence of hair on his head is the least notable point of resemblance.
He wants something from me I can't yet fathom.
But as he goes on talking, questioning, I begin to sense its shape. He talks about his military Virginia family, his estrangement from his dad. It is clear this has left a deep wound. My guess is that his father has not been able to accept that his son is gay.
I tell him that, I too, come from a military family and that I was estranged from my father until three years before his death, when we became the best of friends. I tell the young man that if it were my life, I would make it my game to make all well with my dad while he is still in the world.
"You're giving me goosebumps." He shows me. His whole arm is chicken skin.
"Truth comes with goosebumps."
He is crying now. "You come into the bar, you take a seat, and you tell me the most important things I've ever been told."
"Here's something else I've learned. The world speaks to us through coincidence and chance encounters. It's a kind of magic."
"Is that what you are? A magician? You got me crying at the bar for chrissake."
"Well that lady who gave me her seat did give you a good review."
He wants to pay for my burger and beer. Of course I won't let him. He asks for a hug. I do give him that.
As usual, when plans get scrambled the Trickster comes into play. There is more than what we understand as chance going on in chance encounters. And sometimes they take place for the benefit of someone else.
Drawing by Robert Moss
Text adapted from Sidewalk Oracles: Playing with Signs, Symbols and Synchronicity
Synchronicity: You Know It When You Feel It
You feel it in your fingers, in your toes and especially in
your skin. It is, first and last, through our feelings that we know that
coincidence is going on, and that it is meaningful. It can tickle, it can punch
you in the gut. It can stop your breath or make you jump with delight. It can
give you cold chills or warm shivers. It can feel like a pat on the shoulder,
like a bisou on your cheek, like a
jab in the small of your back.
Feeling is your clue to meaning. I
made an informal survey of 800 people who follow my work. I asked them the
following question:
When you encounter
significant coincidence (aka synchronicity) what do you feel and what do you
say about it?
Here are some of the responses:
Usually I say, bring it on! I feel I am being shown I am on
the right path.
I say thank you. I feel motivated to be alert and to be
present.
I shudder. I feel a tilt in the world. I say, "Hot
damn!"
For a moment, the whole world stops and I am at one with the
universe.
I always feel deeply grateful and special.
Often coincidences are very playful in my life. I smile or
laugh, then look a little deeper. Is there something here I need to look at? Do
I need to take action or just relax and enjoy the play?
Sometimes I giggle, sometimes I feel awe and oneness. The
biggies I share with those who may appreciate or gain from it, and I try to
note them all in my gratitude journal to keep 'em coming.
It's like hearing the bell when the angel, Clarence,
gets his wings in the movie ‘It's a Wonderful Life.’
I feel very happy because I feel conscious and awake.
Chicken skin!
I feel lucky and supported and connected and I tell other
people, to remind them of the story that we are collectively woven into
I just say, ‘Dang!’
I tell everybody about it, to remind them that life is magic.
I give thanks and gratitude for something far more sacred
taking place than I had ever realized before .
Laughing and expectant, I say, Yes! and Thank you!
I feel it is my higher self and the universe conspiring to
bring into my life all that is needed in just the right moment.
I feel things are working in the direction they should be.
I feel euphoric, giddy and scared. I know there’s magic
afoot.
I get the warm fuzzy feeling like the universe is allowing
me to see a few of the strings behind the special effects.
It’s like waking up suddenly.
I feel I’m on the right path, in touch, connected.
I feel like I'm being nagged by something with a
peculiar sense of humor. I generally chuckle and say, Alright then.
The message for me is, Pay attention
I say, Ah….someone is listening after all.
amused and supported
I smile and enjoy the feeling of having my senses open. It's
everywhere all the time and I just love it.
I say thank you to the universe and spirit, and then I
always wonder what I might have been missing when I wasn't noticing a
synchronicity around me.
I say, Gimme more please! Thank you! And what can I do with
this? It makes me feel alive, enchanted and the world becomes sharper.
What is most striking in this informal survey is that no one
who responded described the experience of synchronicity as scary. They find it
thrilling and exciting. They did not speak of synchronicity as strange, either
in the sense of being foreign to normal experience or in the sense of being a
rare phenomenon in their lives. On the contrary, they spoke again and again of
how the experience makes them feel at home in a conscious, benign universe
where they are recognized and supported. Some talked of receiving “divine
winks” or “secret handshakes”. Nobody
described the experience of synchronicity as “weird” until I introduced focused
discussion of that word later on. Again and again, we heard responders saying,
Gimme more please, Bring it on! What was “weird” to them was not the phenomenon
of synchronicity, but missing out on it.
I see I must add the wisdom of Laotzi, in the Tao Te Ching, to the counsel on navigating by synchronicity I presented in my book Sidewalk Oracles: "The sage is guided by what he feels".








