The raw sexuality of her call to her lover is wild and
shocking: “Plow my vulva!” He plunges
into her like a “wild bull”. When they couple, he is the green life of all
growing things and she is the Queen of Heaven. He is Dumuzi and she is Inanna.
But she is called to go down into
the dark places, and travels a terrifying path of ordeal and initiation. When
she returns, transformed, to the surface world, she finds that her man has
forgotten her, playing king of all he surveys. Her angry curse sucks the light
out of his day. Now Dumuzi dreams that everything turns against him. Trees are
uprooted, his hearth fire is doused, his drinking cup is thrown down, his
shepherd’s crook is taken away. A fierce raptor seizes a lamb from his
sheepfold, and he knows that something fearsome and unforgiving is coming for
him.
Death is coming for him, and his
only hope lies in the love and feminine wisdom of his younger sister,
Geshtin-anna. She is a reader, “a tablet-knowing scribe”, who knows the meaning
of words and of dreams.
She helps him to hide, but in the
end he cannot escape his own demons. He is overpowered by galla demons and carried down
to the realm of Inanna’s dark double, the Queen of the Underworld, into his own
cycle of death and rebirth.. Grieving, both Inanna and his constant sister will
seek him in the lower world, using drumming, like shamans. And they will make a
deal by which Geshtin-anna will take her brother’s place in the Underworld for
half the year, giving him time up top with the goddess in her sunnier
disposition. But that is a later story in the cycle of Inanna.
The Dream of Dumuzi is the oldest
recorded dream. It was written in Sumer nearly five thousand years ago, scored
with marks on baked clay that look like the tracks of a very thoughtful
sandpiper. Almost certainly, it was written by a woman. We can’t miss the fact
that the first dream interpreter on record is a woman who can read and write,
the “tablet-knowing scribe.”
Geshtin-anna becomes the goddess
of dream divination (and of wine).
The Dream of Dumuzi, unclothed in
its beauty and terror in a modern translation by Diane Wolkstein, is great
writing, and takes us where great writers do not fear to go: into the inner
chambers of the heart, into the demon-haunted mind, into the mysteries of death
and rebirth. Thanks to its survival, we can say without hesitation that one of
the first uses of writing – which was invented in Sumer – was to record dreams, and
that one of the great things to emerge from recording dreams, at least five
thousand years ago, was literature. Writers have always been dreamers. [1]
Dumuzi was king of Uruk, not far from Ur, the most famous city of the Sumerians and
the one from which Abraham set out to found a new people. So Bert States
is doubly correct when he says “dreaming is the Ur-form of all fiction.” [2]
States suggests that storytelling springs from the same
“skill” that allows us to produce dream narrativesand
compares the mental state of the creative writer to that of a lucid dreamer:
“Just as the lucid dreamer is slightly awake, slightly outside the dream, while being largely inside it, so the waking author is slightly asleep, or slightly inside the fiction while being largely outside it.” [3] Many fiction
writers (including me) would attest to the accuracy of this description. It
probably applies to creative minds from many fields operating in a flow state
of relaxed attention or attentive relaxation. In this state, as Samuel Beckett
wrote of Proust, the writer may also be, for the moment, “an extratemporal
being” [4]
Dreams provided
both energy and inspiration for literary creation. As a boy, Aeschylus (born
525 BCE) was sent to watch over ripening
grapes in a vineyard. When he dozed off, Dionysus, god of wine and drama,
appeared to him and gave him instructions for a new kind of theatre. Prior to
this, ancient Greek drama was rather static ritual, with a single actor on
stage, and a chorus that did not interact directly with him. Aeschylus was
inspired in his dream to introduce a second actor; this was the birth of
Western theatre. He went on to write ninety plays, although only seven are
extant.
“Poetry is always
the result of flooding”, a young poet told Stefania Pandolfo as she journeyed
among rural Moroccan villagers for whom dreaming and poetry are vitally
important, and always interweaving. A real poem bursts from an emotion that is
inundating, overwhelming – until it finds creative release. [5]
The most
respected poet in the area, one Sheikh Mohammed, was alien to poetry until he
dreamed of a flood. The dream came at a time of personal trauma when he was
close to despair. Previously a violent man of action, he had managed to blow
off his right hand in a gun accident. He dreamed the river was coming down in
flood, its front like a mountain, carrying everything it encountered in its
path, trees and carrion and debris. Instead of fleeing, he stood there in the
dry riverbed, watching and waiting. Then he opened his mouth and swallowed the
flood and everything borne along by it. He recounted the dream to his mother
and she told him that he had become a poet. This became his life’s
calling.[6]
From the priestess-scribe who
wrote Dumuzi’s story to the latest novels by Stephen King and Neil Gaiman,
dreams have provided wonderful material for stories and novels, scripts and
poems. The dream may provide the rough first sketch of a theme or a plot or a
character, with everything still to be worked out and delivered – perhaps with
the help of subsequent dreams – over a considerable period of time. The dream
may have the structure and detail required for a finished story or poem (but is
unlikely to be “finished” in the sense that it will be truly good writing until
the raw report has been shaped and polished). The dream may be inserted in a
narrative and attributed to one of the characters as Graham Greene did for Querry in A Burnt-Out Case). The dream may be delivered as a story without a
frame, as Franz Kafka delivered a nightmare in Metamorphosis while insisting, in the tale, that the man turned
into a giant bug was not dreaming.
The literary dream has been used
as a plot device in many ways. It may be used to take the reader into the inner
life of a character. It may be used to set up critical narrative tension, for
example between a character’s desires and his conscience, a central theme in
Dostoyevsky’s use of dreams.
The dream can be
used as an architectural device, to open and frame a story that may be anything
but a dream; the medieval Roman de la
Rose is a classical example, from an age when dreams were greatly
respected. In the classic Chinese novel The Dream of the Red Chamber novel
opens with a goddess creating a mountain from 36,501 pieces of stone, one of
which - rejected - is a speaking rock whose complaint is heard by two immortals
and is gifted with a very mobile life, in different forms, in the mortal world
– known to gods and immortals as the Red Dust - and elsewhere.[7]
Writing and dreaming are closely
related in daily practice. Writers
who keep journals and record their dreams are giving themselves a warm-up,
flexing the creative muscles that will work on the larger project. Writers who
may not record their dreams with any regularity nonetheless rise from sleep
with their heads full of words – as Dickens related in his letter to Dr. Stone
– that are pressing to come out. [8]
A writer’s dream
may help to “break up the great fountains of the deep” (a phrase Mark Twain
used repeatedly) releasing the power of long-buried memories, or bringing
through ideas that have been growing in the preconscious or the deeper
unconscious for years or decade. That is how Aslan came to C.S. Lewis, giving
him the key to Narnia. As “Jack” Lewis recalled
The Lion all began with a
picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. The picture
had been in my head since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about
forty, I said to myself: ‘Let’s try to make a story about it.’
At first I had little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly
Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams about
lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from
or why he came. But once he was there He pulled the whole story together, and
soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him. [9]]
Finally, it is in dreams and flow states
that writers come into contact with inner helpers. Robert Louis Stevenson
communed with his “Brownies” in states of reverie, and gave them the credit for
doing better than half his literary work. Yeats spoke of the “mingling of
minds” that can bring assistance, in a creative venture, from intelligences
that seem to belong to other times or other dimensions. Milton described the source of his
inspiration as
....my celestial
patroness, who deigns
Her nightly
visitation unimplored,
And dictates to
me slumbering, or inspires
Easy my
unpremeditated prose []
Milton spoke of “being milked” after his
nights of inspiration, as – totally blind by the time he composed his most
famous work – he dictated to a scribe.
Notes and References
1. This translation of the Dream of Dumuzi is in Wolkstein, Diane and Samuel Noah Kramer, Inanna, Queen of Heaven: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. New York: Harper & Row, 1983, pp 74-84. Dumuzi (later called Tammuz) is a Mystery god who dies and is reborn, and the cycle of his ever-recurring death and resurrection is also the cycle of the crops in what is now southern Iraq. He dies in the spring at the time Iraqi farmers, in their hot country, harvest their wheat and barley; he is resurrected when they put seeds in the earth. In the Christian calendar, this is Easter time. The Shia ritual mourning for the martyred Imam Hussein at the site of the battle of Karbala – a rite Saddam tried to suppress – takes place at the same time. Life rhymes, and so do the life cycles of gods. See E.W.Fernea, Guests of the Sheikh. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969.
2. Bert O. States, Dreaming and Storytelling. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.1993, p.3.
3. Bert O. States, Bert O., “Authorship in Dreams and Fictions” in Dreaming vol.4 no.4 (December, 1994) pp. 239-240
4. Samuel Beckett, Proust. New York: Grove, 1931, p. 56)
5.Stefania Pandolfo, Impasse of the Angels: Scenes from a Moroccan Space of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, p.259]
6. ibid p. 265
7. Tsao Hsueh-chin, Dream of the Red Chamber (1754). Trans. and adapted by Chichen Wang. New York: Anchor Books, 1989.
8. Charles Dickens letter to Dr Stone. February 2, 1851; see Warrington Winters, “Dickens and the Psychology of Dreams” in PMLA vol.63 no.3 (September 1948) pp. 984-1006.
9. Lewis, C.S., “It All Began with a Picture”, Junior Radio Times, vol. 68 (July 15, 1960) reprinted in Of Other Worlds. San Diego and New York: Harcourt Brace, 1975, p. 42.
10. Paradise Lost IX. 21-4
Text adapted from The Secret History of Dreaming by Robert Moss. Published by New World Library.